텍스트 → 2진수 / 16진수 변환

def text_to_binary(text: str, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    """Convert text to binary string (UTF-8 byte representation)."""
    return sep.join(f"{byte:08b}" for byte in text.encode("utf-8"))

def binary_to_text(binary: str) -> str:
    """Convert binary string (space-separated 8-bit groups) back to text."""
    groups = binary.strip().split()
    byte_values = [int(g, 2) for g in groups]
    return bytes(byte_values).decode("utf-8")

# Examples
original = "Hello, World!"
binary   = text_to_binary(original)
print(f"Text    : {original}")
print(f"Binary  : {binary}")
print(f"Decoded : {binary_to_text(binary)}")

# Extended ASCII and Unicode
print()
for char in ["A", "z", "0", "@", "é", "中"]:
    b = text_to_binary(char)
    print(f"  {char!r:6} -> {b}")

# Hexadecimal comparison
print()
for byte in "Hi".encode("utf-8"):
    print(f"  {byte:3d}  0x{byte:02X}  {byte:08b}")