grep -v 和 grep -i 有什么区别？

-v 反转匹配，显示不包含模式的行；-i 使匹配不区分大小写。可以组合使用：grep -vi 'error' log.txt 显示不含 'error' 的行（不区分大小写）。

如何找到过去24小时内修改的文件？

使用 find 和 -mtime 选项：find /path -mtime -1 查找24小时内修改的文件。-mtime -7 查找过去一周。减号表示"N天以内"。

输出重定向 > 和 >> 的区别是什么？

> 覆盖文件内容（不存在则创建），>> 在文件末尾追加。例如：echo 'line' > file.txt 替换文件，echo 'line' >> file.txt 追加一行。

如何在注销后继续运行后台命令？

使用 nohup 和 &：nohup python server.py > output.log 2>&1 &。nohup 防止注销时进程被终止，> output.log 2>&1 将标准输出和错误重定向到日志文件。

kill 和 pkill 的区别是什么？

kill 需要进程 ID（PID）：kill -9 1234。pkill 按进程名匹配：pkill nginx 终止所有 nginx 进程。pkill -f 匹配完整命令行。

Linux Commands Reference

Searchable Linux CLI command reference with categories, examples, and one-click copy.

File & Directory

LinuxCommandsReference.command	LinuxCommandsReference.syntax	LinuxCommandsReference.description	LinuxCommandsReference.example
ls	ls [options] [path]	List directory contents	ls -la /home
cd	cd [dir]	Change directory	cd /var/log
pwd	pwd	Print working directory	pwd
mkdir	mkdir [-p] dir	Create directory (use -p for nested)	mkdir -p a/b/c
rm	rm [-rf] path	Remove files/directories	rm -rf old_dir
cp	cp [-r] src dst	Copy files/directories	cp -r src/ dst/
mv	mv src dst	Move or rename files	mv old.txt new.txt
find	find path -name pattern	Find files by name/attribute	find . -name '*.log'
ln	ln [-s] src link	Create hard/soft link	ln -s /opt/app app
chmod	chmod mode file	Change file permissions	chmod 755 script.sh
chown	chown user:group file	Change file ownership	chown www-data:www-data index.html

Text Processing

LinuxCommandsReference.command	LinuxCommandsReference.syntax	LinuxCommandsReference.description	LinuxCommandsReference.example
cat	cat [file]	Concatenate and print file content	cat /etc/hosts
grep	grep [options] pattern file	Search for patterns in files	grep -rn 'error' /var/log
sed	sed 's/old/new/g' file	Stream editor — find and replace	sed -i 's/foo/bar/g' config.txt
awk	awk '{print $1}' file	Pattern scanning and processing	awk -F: '{print $1}' /etc/passwd
sort	sort [options] file	Sort lines in a file	sort -k2 -n data.txt
uniq	uniq [options] file	Remove duplicate lines	sort file \| uniq -c
wc	wc [-l\|-w\|-c] file	Word, line, and char count	wc -l access.log
head	head [-n N] file	Print first N lines	head -20 app.log
tail	tail [-n N] [-f] file	Print last N lines; -f to follow	tail -f /var/log/syslog
cut	cut -d'sep' -f n file	Extract fields from lines	cut -d',' -f1 data.csv

Process Management

LinuxCommandsReference.command	LinuxCommandsReference.syntax	LinuxCommandsReference.description	LinuxCommandsReference.example
ps	ps [aux]	List running processes	ps aux \| grep nginx
top	top	Interactive process viewer	top
htop	htop	Enhanced interactive process viewer	htop
kill	kill [-9] PID	Send signal to process (9=force kill)	kill -9 1234
pkill	pkill name	Kill processes by name	pkill -f gunicorn
jobs	jobs	List background jobs in current shell	jobs -l
bg	bg [%n]	Resume job in background	bg %1
fg	fg [%n]	Bring job to foreground	fg %1
nohup	nohup cmd &	Run command immune to hangups	nohup python server.py &
systemctl	systemctl [start\|stop\|status] svc	Manage systemd services	systemctl restart nginx

Networking

LinuxCommandsReference.command	LinuxCommandsReference.syntax	LinuxCommandsReference.description	LinuxCommandsReference.example
ping	ping [-c n] host	Send ICMP echo requests	ping -c 4 google.com
curl	curl [options] url	Transfer data from/to server	curl -I https://example.com
wget	wget url	Download files from web	wget https://example.com/file.tar.gz
ssh	ssh user@host	Secure remote shell login	ssh user@192.168.1.10
scp	scp src user@host:dst	Secure copy over SSH	scp file.txt user@host:/tmp/
rsync	rsync -avz src dst	Sync files locally or over SSH	rsync -avz src/ user@host:/backup/
netstat	netstat -tuln	List network connections/ports	netstat -tuln \| grep :80
ss	ss -tuln	Socket statistics (modern netstat)	ss -tlnp
ip	ip addr / ip route	Manage network interfaces/routes	ip addr show eth0
dig	dig [type] domain	DNS lookup	dig MX example.com

Archiving

LinuxCommandsReference.command	LinuxCommandsReference.syntax	LinuxCommandsReference.description	LinuxCommandsReference.example
tar	tar [-czf\|-xzf] archive files	Create/extract tar archives	tar -czf backup.tar.gz /data
zip	zip archive files	Create ZIP archive	zip -r site.zip public/
unzip	unzip archive	Extract ZIP archive	unzip archive.zip -d output/
gzip	gzip file	Compress file with gzip	gzip large.log
gunzip	gunzip file.gz	Decompress gzip file	gunzip large.log.gz

Disk & Memory

LinuxCommandsReference.command	LinuxCommandsReference.syntax	LinuxCommandsReference.description	LinuxCommandsReference.example
df	df -h	Disk space usage of filesystems	df -h /
du	du -sh path	Disk usage of directory	du -sh /var/log
free	free -h	Show free and used memory	free -h
lsblk	lsblk	List block devices	lsblk -f
mount	mount dev mountpoint	Mount filesystem	mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/data

常见问题

代码实现

import subprocess
import os

# Run a shell command and capture output
result = subprocess.run(
    ["ls", "-la", "/home"],
    capture_output=True,
    text=True
)
print(result.stdout)

# Search for files (equivalent to find)
import pathlib
# Find all .log files modified in last 24h
import time
now = time.time()
for path in pathlib.Path("/var/log").rglob("*.log"):
    if now - path.stat().st_mtime < 86400:
        print(path)

# Grep equivalent
import re
with open("/etc/hosts") as f:
    for line in f:
        if re.search(r"127\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+", line):
            print(line.strip())

# Process management
import psutil
for proc in psutil.process_iter(['pid', 'name', 'cpu_percent']):
    try:
        if proc.info['cpu_percent'] > 10:
            print(f"PID {proc.info['pid']}: {proc.info['name']}")
    except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
        pass

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